Hypothesis
When the researcher chooses the subject of the study, he also anticipates and anticipates the return to be obtained from that study. The construction of hypotheses cannot be done without understanding and study. For this, the study of the deepest reference literature is necessary. Only then is the hypothesis formulation done. Therefore, the hypothesis is meaningful, causal, and generally confirmed. In all cases the hypothesis may not be confirmed, i.e. the hypothesis is proved to be true or false after the study. For example, some hypotheses can be given as follows.
(1) People with higher economic status have higher rates of higher education than people with weaker economic status.
(2) There are more women enrolled in school than men.
(3) Gurung culture has not been affected by westernization. (4) Profit determines the investment etc.
Defining Hypothesis (Gay) (1976) - Hypothesis is a tentative
explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have
occurred or will occur.' The hypothesis is the experimental analysis of events,
behaviors, or events that occur or are about to occur. This definition
emphasizes the relationship between the variables associated with the research
problem. Researchers speculate about social behaviors that exist or may occur.
That is called a hypothesis.
According to MC
Guigan -"A hypothesis is a testable statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables." According
to this definition, a hypothesis is a probable testable statement between two
or more variables.
In conclusion, the hypothesis refers to the
possible relationship between the various variables that the researcher may be
involved in a subject related to his or her research prior to the research
work. It provides the researcher with a specific path to research. Hypotheses
are not true and false in them but can be proved true or false after testing.
At each stage of the research, the hypothesis helps the researcher to reach the
destination. The hypothesis is therefore a prediction of the problem that the
researcher is about to investigate. The whole research work is done on the
basis of this estimate.
B) Characteristics of Good Hypothesis
A good hypothesis can only be made when
events are logically interpreted from the hypothesis raised. Whether the event
exists as imagined or could exist at any time. Therefore, a good hypothesis can
show the relationship between logical variables and is definite and meaningful.
The variables involved in constructing the hypothesis should be measurable and
simple. The cause-effect relationship between variables needs to be expressed
or tested. The characteristics of a good hypothesis can be presented as
follows.
2. The hypothesis
should be conceptually clear.
3. The hypothesis
should be sufficient to answer the problem.
4. The simple answer is to build a hypothesis.
5. The hypothesis
should be related to the existing scientific method and technology, i.e. it
should be able to be tested by such technology.
6. The hypothesis
should be regionally simple or general, confusing, and ambiguous.
7. The hypothesis
should be constructed from the researcher's opinion, experience, and review of
various reference literary texts.
8. Hypothesis, even
if it is an imaginary belief, should be related to theory. It also needs to be
specific.
9. The socio-cultural
characteristics of the society should be taken as the basis while constructing
the hypothesis.
10. The choice of the hypothesis should be related to the topic being researched.
11. Statistics
should be available.
12. When creating a hypothesis, one should also look at the less expensive and economical ones.
Creating a hypothesis is a complex and thought-provoking task. Failure to formulate the right hypothesis negatively affects the research as a whole. In a changing society, social events keep changing. This makes it difficult to create hypotheses. Differences in theory and practice and in the case of discrepancies, and if the sources studied while studying the reference literature are flawed in themselves, not only will there be difficulties in constructing the hypothesis but the correct hypothesis will not be formed. If the hypothesis maker does not have knowledge of theory, it is difficult to formulate a hypothesis even if he does not have theoretical knowledge on the subject and is unfamiliar with the process of scientific research. The hypothesis must be true or close to the truth. But it should not be assumed that the research should be concluded according to the hypothesis.
In the field of social research, the
formation of hypotheses helps to reach conclusions by collecting, classifying, and analyzing the necessary facts and is more relevant to the subject of
research. The testable hypothesis must be chosen. The use of hypotheses helps
to make better use of resources, means, and time in research work.
C) Types of Hypothesis
There is no uniformity in the
classification of hypotheses. However, the hypotheses raised and used in the
context of social research can be summarized as follows. As per -
1. Null Hypothesis
2. Research
Hypothesis
3. Alternative
Hypothesis
4. Causal
Hypothesis
5. Experimental
Hypothesis
1) Null
Hypothesis
Research predicts a possible
relationship between variables, which we call hypothesis. In this context, the
hypothesis that the similarities between the variables being tested and the
difference or difference between them are zero is called the null hypothesis. H.
refers to it in the context of hypothesis testing. The relationship between the
two types of variables is looked at by comparing the mean value that the
researcher hypothesized and the value from the actual test. In which the
difference of the relationship is assumed to be zero. According to R. Fisher,
the probable rejection of the statement that it is true is called a futile
hypothesis which is actually true. (Null hypothesis is the
hypothesis which is tested for the possible rejection under
the assumption that is true)'.
When the hypothesis is zero during
research. Or if it is concluded that there is no relation between the two
variables, the fruitless hypothesis is considered accepted. An alternative hypothesis is used if the failed hypothesis is not accepted, such as H = 0 (zero). Research has shown that this type of hypothesis is
tested in almost all social disciplines. In summary, there is no correlation
between the variables raised and tested in the research. For example, when
testing the zero hypotheses that the level of education of women is not equal
to that of men, if the level of education is different in both, i.e. higher in
men, then this test shows that the fruitless hypothesis is accepted. If this is
rejected or if the level of education of women is higher than the alternative
hypothesis i.e. the hypothesis that the level of education of women is higher
than the level of education of men is tested.
2) Research
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a hypothesis designed to
provide possible answers to questions raised in the research. Such hypotheses are
developed based on established theoretical beliefs. Such hypotheses are
especially tested in theory. This helps in the development of theoretical
beliefs and the strengthening of theories. For example, the hypothesis that
smoking causes cancer in humans can be tested with this hypothesis. In this
regard, Mc Nemar says - hypotheses are based on theory, determined by
observation and logical basis. (The research hypothesis
set upon the basis of theory or prior observation or on the logical ground) The main purpose of this research hypothesis is to develop and
test the theory.
3)
Alternative
Hypothesis
More than one alternative hypothesis is
raised in the context of research. Alternative hypotheses are usually used when
a futile hypothesis is rejected. In this hypothesis, the hypothesis is tested
to show whether the relationship between the variables is more or less, and
again the zero hypothesis is tested. In case the null hypothesis is accepted
again, the alternative hypothesis cannot be accepted. Alternative hypotheses
are used to show the fact that there is a difference between men and women in
the way they adopt new fashions. In research, H refers to alternative research.
The relationship between the alternative hypothesis and the null (zero) can be
seen as follows. In which –
H: (Mean) = 80 (Null
hypothesis)
H:1 (Mean) # 80 (Alternative hypothesis)
HD (Mean)> or <80
Here, H refers to the futile hypothesis, H, to the alternative hypothesis, 2 to the median. An alternative hypothesis cannot be accepted if zero hypotheses are accepted. Speaking as mentioned above, if the mean of Ho is accepted as 80, then H is not accepted. If Ho is rejected, H indicates a condition greater than or equal to 80.
4) Casual
Hypothesis
A hypothesis developed according to the
belief that there are causes behind any event or situation and should be
explored is called a causal hypothesis. Such hypotheses are developed in relation
to finding the causes of social problems, events, and incidents. For example,
the selfish tendency of political leadership has created instability in the
country. There is a lot of research to be done to test this hypothesis. This
type of hypothesis is used in relation to causal effects analysis.
In experimental hypotheses, hypotheses
are developed based on two groups for testing. As there are two villages, the experimental hypothesis is raised to test whether the level of income
generation and public awareness is different between the people who have
reached the road and the people who have not reached the village.
Among the various types of social
research, this type of hypothesis is tested in experimental research. Some
other hypotheses are also used in the context of social research. Descriptive
Hypothesis in which the characteristics of an object, person, situation, event, and
organization are described and tested accordingly. For example, students
studying forestry have less unemployment than students studying law. Similarly,
the rational hypothesis seeks to test the positive and negative relationship
between two variables. For example, lower-class people have more children than
upper-class people. Similarly, the analytical hypothesis examines the analytical
situation between the proposed test variables in the research. For example,
religion, beliefs, and education have an impact on population growth. Therefore,
the effect of changes in the variables affecting the population is considered
under this heading. Similarly, the statistical hypothesis looks at the degree of
correlation between variables. The relationship between the two variables is
obtained as +, - or (0, what is obtained. The conclusion
is drawn on the basis of this.
D) Sources of Hypothesis
The hypothesis is not just the discretion of
the researcher. Instead, the specified processes are completed when constructing
the hypothesis. The hypothesis is based on a number of sources. Each type of
hypothesis is related to the research topic. In this context, the sources of
good ideas can be mentioned as follows.
1) Intuition
and Personal Experience of a Researcher
The researcher himself can be an
important source for constructing a hypothesis that he can draw a conclusion
from the experience and experiences he has gained in life. He has used many
ideas. Many experiences are shared. Lessons are learned from many successes and
failures. A researcher's long experience, logical ability, research-oriented
personality and temperament, etc. determine what kinds of hypotheses are
appropriate for a researcher. In some cases, research has become a document, a
museum, and a library.
2) Theory
Appropriate, testable, and logical
hypotheses can be formulated on the basis of established principles and by-laws
of theory construction. Many hypotheses can be made with the process of
formulating a theory. For example, the development of various hypotheses based
on the belief that the high suicide rate depends on the level of social
integration in society.
3) Social
System and Culture
Hypotheses are constructed based on
separate beliefs, attitudes, conditions, traditions, methods, and processes that
can exist within the social system. Every process in society follows a set of
norms, rules, and norms. This is researched in various aspects. For example,
the caste system in the Hindu society, the development of the industrial
society in western society and its impact on the life of the people, the
growing self-centered thinking in western society, etc. are the sources of
self-imagination.
4) Findings
of Research and Continuity of Research
The series of social researches are in
themselves important sources of hypotheses. For example, some research findings
are considered sources of hypotheses, while in some cases, hypotheses are
rejected and repeated research helps to form real hypotheses.
5) Observation
In some cases, hypotheses are made on
the basis of events happening in society, social behavior, relationships,
etc. Observations of the behavior of the son and daughter at home by their
parents, various festivals, references to how society celebrates the
culture, the relationship between the student and the teacher in the college,
etc. also help to raise the hypothesis.
6) Analogy
The same phenomena, behavioral beliefs, and activities that can and do occur in a society become sources of hypothesis
when it comes to studying another society. The same kind of environment and the same kind of socio-cultural conditions can show the same kind of consequences.
It can be concluded that the effects of the capitalist economy can be felt
equally in almost all societies or in all underdeveloped societies. Based on
which hypotheses can be developed.
7) Related
Literature
In the context of social research, the
study of related report articles, critiques, comments, statistics, etc., also
helps in constructing hypotheses.
8) Expert's
Opinion
The experience, knowledge, suggestions,
advice, etc. of the experts of the related subject also become a source of
hypothesis for the second researcher.
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